citinotes
Bovarism
Have you ever encountered individuals who seem to resist acknowledging the everyday realities of a situation? Perhaps you’ve come across those who prefer to envision themselves as valiant heroes in a self-created, fictional and romantic world? In 1892, French philosopher Jules de Gaultier coined a term for this psychological syndrome: he called it Bovarism, drawing inspiration from Emma Bovary, the tragic heroine in Flaubert’s eponymous novel, and the central focus of his thesis.
Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880), a prominent figure in the realist movement and one of the most influential authors of all time, intricately captures the captivating allure of a young provincial lady for the most glamorous of capitals with details that approach perfection. In “Madame Bovary,” Emma, the wife of Doctor Charles Bovary, finds herself confined to a small village in Normandy, limited in avenues for fulfillment. Faced with the monotony of provincial life, Emma seeks refuge in a realm of perpetual daydreams. Within her fantasies, she visualizes strolling through the streets of Paris—a city she wishes to “live and die”. Emma imagines herself dancing elegant waltzes on velvet carpets with distinguished ambassadors, sipping champagne from crystal glasses.
This exquisite novel represents a serious and insightful exploration of human psychology, particularly delving into the emotional and mental states of women struggling to find their place in the world. Having read it just before relocating to the City of Lights, I found myself contemplating whether traces of the Bovarysme syndrome persist in 21st-century Paris. It didn’t take long for me to discover that they do.
If Emma dreamt of Paris, it’s because Paris is inherently a city made for daydreaming. Its grand boulevards, theatrical perspectives, classical structures, imperial-like monuments, and elegant mansions all contribute to a 19th-century urbanization plan that aimed to establish Paris as a metropolis of unparalleled beauty, magnificence, and elegance. How many times have we halted in the middle of a square, on the edge of a riverbank, or along the curve of an alley, thinking that the scenery is so unbelievably beautiful that it could be a movie set?
The city’s aspiration to transcend the norm and exist in a realm halfway between fantasy and reality imparts a fair share of Bovarism to Paris. Parisians, proud of their rich history, actively contribute to this perception by showcasing a heritage of refined manners that can be truly dazzling. Yet, at times, even they become ensnared by the charm of a city meticulously crafted to evoke admiration to the point of delusion, reminiscent of the experience of Emma Bovary.
Citinotes
chapter 1
Parisian fantasy
Often when Charles was out she took from the cupboard, between the folds of the linen where she had left it, the green silk cigar case. She looked at it, opened it, and even smelt the odour of the lining—a mixture of verbena and tobacco. Whose was it? The Viscount’s? Perhaps it was a present from his mistress. It had been embroidered on some rosewood frame, a pretty little thing, hidden from all eyes, that had occupied many hours, and over which had fallen the soft curls of the pensive worker. A breath of love had passed over the stitches on the canvas; each prick of the needle had fixed there a hope or a memory, and all those interwoven threads of silk were but the continuity of the same silent passion. And then one morning the Viscount had taken it away with him. Of what had they spoken when it lay upon the wide-mantelled chimneys between flower-vases and Pompadour clocks?
She was at Tostes; he was at Paris now, far away! What was this Paris like? What a vague name! She repeated it in a low voice, for the mere pleasure of it; it rang in her ears like a great cathedral bell; it shone before her eyes, even on the labels of her pomade-pots. […]
She bought a plan of Paris, and with the tip of her finger on the map she walked about the capital. She went up the boulevards, stopping at every turning, between the lines of the streets, in front of the white squares that represented the houses. At last she would close the lids of her weary eyes, and see in the darkness the gas jets flaring in the wind and the steps of carriages lowered with much noise before the peristyles of theatres.
She took in “La Corbeille,” a lady’s journal, and the “Sylphe des Salons.” She devoured, without skipping a word, all the accounts of first nights, races, and soirees, took interest in the debut of a singer, in the opening of a new shop. She knew the latest fashions, the addresses of the best tailors, the days of the Bois and the Opera. In Eugene Sue she studied descriptions of furniture; she read Balzac and George Sand, seeking in them imaginary satisfaction for her own desires. Even at table she had her book by her, and turned over the pages while Charles ate and talked to her. The memory of the Viscount always returned as she read. Between him and the imaginary personages she made comparisons. But the circle of which he was the centre gradually widened round him, and the aureole that he bore, fading from his form, broadened out beyond, lighting up her other dreams.
Gustave Flaubert,
Madame Bovary, Michel Lévy, 1857
chapter 2
The ambassador's ball
Paris, more vague than the ocean, glimmered before Emma’s eyes in an atmosphere of vermilion. The many lives that stirred amid this tumult were, however, divided into parts, classed as distinct pictures. Emma perceived only two or three that hid from her all the rest, and in themselves represented all humanity.
The world of ambassadors moved over polished floors in drawing rooms lined with mirrors, round oval tables covered with velvet and gold-fringed cloths.
There were dresses with trains, deep mysteries, anguish hidden beneath smiles. Then came the society of the duchesses; all were pale; all got up at four o’clock; the women, poor angels, wore English point on their petticoats; and the men, unappreciated geniuses under a frivolous outward seeming, rode horses to death at pleasure parties, spent the summer season at Baden, and towards the forties married heiresses. In the private rooms of restaurants, where one sups after midnight by the light of wax candles, laughed the motley crowd of men of letters and actresses. They were prodigal as kings, full of ideal, ambitious, fantastic frenzy.
This was an existence outside that of all others, between heaven and earth, in the midst of storms, having something of the sublime. For the rest of the world it was lost, with no particular place and as if non-existent. The nearer things were, moreover, the more her thoughts turned away from them.
All her immediate surroundings, the wearisome country, the middle-class imbeciles, the mediocrity of existence, seemed to her exceptional, a peculiar chance that had caught hold of her, while beyond stretched, as far as eye could see, an immense land of joys and passions. She confused in her desire the sensualities of luxury with the delights of the heart, elegance of manners with delicacy of sentiment.
Did not love, like Indian plants, need a special soil, a particular temperature? Signs by moonlight, long embraces, tears flowing over yielded hands, all the fevers of the flesh and the languors of tenderness could not be separated from the balconies of great castles full of indolence, from boudoirs with silken curtains and thick carpets, well-filled flower-stands, a bed on a raised dias, nor from the flashing of precious stones and the shoulder-knots of liveries.
Gustave Flaubert,
Madame Bovary, Michel Lévy, 1857
chapter 3
A lady's maid
The lad from the posting house who came to groom the mare every morning passed through the passage with his heavy wooden shoes; there were holes in his blouse; his feet were bare in list slippers. And this was the groom in knee-britches with whom she had to be content! His work done, he did not come back again all day, for Charles on his return put up his horse himself, unsaddled him and put on the halter, while the servant-girl brought a bundle of straw and threw it as best she could into the manger.
To replace Nastasie (who left Tostes shedding torrents of tears) Emma took into her service a young girl of fourteen, an orphan with a sweet face.
She forbade her wearing cotton caps, taught her to address her in the third person, to bring a glass of water on a plate, to knock before coming into a room, to iron, starch, and to dress her—wanted to make a lady’s-maid of her.
The new servant obeyed without a murmur, so as not to be sent away; and as madame usually left the key in the sideboard, Félicité every evening took a small supply of sugar that she ate alone in her bed after she had said her prayers.
Sometimes in the afternoon she went to chat with the postilions.
Madame was in her room upstairs. She wore an open dressing gown that showed between the shawl facings of her bodice a pleated chamisette with three gold buttons. Her belt was a corded girdle with great tassels, and her small garnet coloured slippers had a large knot of ribbon that fell over her instep.
She had bought herself a blotting book, writing case, pen-holder, and envelopes, although she had no one to write to; she dusted her what-not, looked at herself in the glass, picked up a book, and then, dreaming between the lines, let it drop on her knees. She longed to travel or to go back to her convent. She wished at the same time to die and to live in Paris.
Gustave Flaubert,
Madame Bovary, Michel Lévy, 1857
Paris by Emma Bovary
Explore elegant mansions, glamorous museums and prestigious hotels in the City of Lights