citinotes
Land of Villas
Capri is, par excellence, the island of villas. The island’s mystic charm, punctuated by its thick forests and fearsome caves—the so-called “gates” into the realm of devilish spirits—drew Roman emperors like a magnet, one after another. Its legacy dates back to 29 BC when the Roman emperor Gaius Augustus, returning from an expedition in the East, was captivated by Kàpros—Capri’s ancient Greek name meaning ‘wild boar’. Augustus reportedly exchanged Naples and the nearby island of Ischia for the less fertile, yet more alluring, Capri. Roman historian Tacitus recorded that there were no fewer than 12 imperial villas in Capri—some of which survived in ruins through the 19th century.
In 27 AD, Augustus’s successor Tiberius was so enamored with the island that he relocated the headquarters of his Empire there. He owned numerous villas in Capri, including the famous Villa Jovis, and used the Blue Grotto as his personal pool, decorating the cave with statues to serve as a shrine for Cybele, a mother goddess. His life in Capri is clouded with mystery and rumors of him indulging in excessive drinking and sexually depraved activities. The “Salto di Tiberio” (Tiberius’ Leap), hanging at the peak of a steep precipice, is considered the spot from which the infamous Emperor reputedly threw his enemies into the dismal abyss below.
Abandoned in oblivion throughout the Middle Ages, Capri’s imperial aura resurfaced in the 19th century when news of the rediscovery of the paradisiacal Blue Grotto reached the shores of Naples. By the end of the previous century, Naples had already become a popular tourist destination for English and French noblemen who wanted to explore the newly discovered site of Pompeii as part of their Grand Tour itinerary. These cultured and highly impressionable young men were more than thrilled to visit an island with such magnetizing power over Emperors they had read about in their Latin studies.
The intellectual aura, cultivated by the Grand Tour visitors, transformed Capri into the most coveted destination for Europe’s elite to settle in. Countless artists, including painters such as John Singer Sargent and Christian Wilhelm Allers, doctors like Emil von Behring and Axel Munthe, and renowned writers such as Norman Douglas and Maxim Gorky, either purchased a villa in Capri or rented one for periods exceeding three months.
Among the countless Capriot villas, ‘Casa Malaparte’ stands out as the most original. Conceived in the 1930s by the Rationalist architect Adalberto Libera, a reddish, box-shaped, cement block emerges from atop of a cliff, hanging above the sea like an uncanny mexican-like pyramid. While its design refuses to blend with the natural landscape, its vast bay windows framing the Faraglioni rocks and the Gulf of Salerno, create a real-life “tableau vivant” of vibrant nature. Malaparte envisioned the house as a reflection of his own character. The strong interplay between the owner and his house was explored by one of Malaparte’s guests in 1950: the French writer Raymond Guérin (1905-1955). A connoisseur of the Mediterranean islands, also known for his exploration of humor and cruelty, Guérin meticulously recounts every detail of his stay at Casa Malaparte, as well as his reflections on Capri in a book entitled “From the side of Malaparte’s house”.
In another excerpt, Félicien Marceau (1913 – 2012), a member of the Académie Française and a recipient of the Goncourt Prize, authored a novel depicting the tale of Countess Satriano and Count Andrassy, two fictional yet remarkably lifelike characters, emblematic of the high-profile visitors to the glamorous island. Infused with the characteristic wry humor found throughout his work, Marceau adeptly employs these characters to critique the superficial lifestyles of Capri’s social elite. A prolific author, Marceau penned over 45 novels, essays, and plays, offering an ironic perspective on human passions and their impact on relationships.
In 1905, Villa Lysis was built at one of the highest cliffs on the island for its owner, Baron Jacques d’Adelswärd-Fersen, as a “Temple to Love and Pain” or “Amori et Dolori Sacrum”. Antonella Boralevi (born 1953) guides us through this remarkable residence, which served as the backdrop for Fersen’s tumultuous life. His story is filled with love affairs involving minors, the revival of pagan rituals, exile from Italy, and drug abuse, ultimately leading to the Baron’s demise at the young age of 43. Born into a family of Tuscan notables, Boralevi authored a book replete with anecdotes unveiling the evolution of the island’s lifestyle and customs over the decades, while also offering delightful portraits of its renowned foreign residents.
The last passage features memoirs by Axel Munthe (1857 – 1949), a Swedish-born physician and psychiatrist reknowned for his remarkable philanthropic contributions. The latter included treating the less fortunate without charge and advocating passionately for animal rights. In 1887, he relocated to Capri, where he embarked on a lengthy and arduous restoration project of the Villa San Michele, in Anacapri. His notes invite us on a delightful tour of his villa, a veritable treasure trove filled with artifacts from exotic, ancient civilizations, offering insight into his eclectic interests and adventurous spirit. They are part of his autobiographical work, entitled “The Story of San Michele” (1929), one of the best-selling books of the 20th century, translated into no fewer than 45 languages.
Delve into the captivating tales of these extraordinary residences and their inhabitants; at the end, explore our curated map of favorite villas to visit in Capri.
Citinotes
chapter 1
"A house like me"
Good heavens! As we journeyed past the Faraglioni rocks and the Monacone, the coastline of Matromania unfolded before us, tracing its path along the fragrant mountainside like a pale snake, adorned with short brick stairways. Nestled at the foot of the mountain, a remarkable sight awaited us:
A house perched atop the steep rock of Massullo, sturdy as a fortress, eerie in its resemblance to a De Chirico creation. Its trapezium-shaped staircase-terrace of thirty-two steps, reminiscent of an Aztec temple, ascended towards the sky, while its daring white solarium, reaching sixty meters above the sea, stood boldly amid tufts of euphorbia and bellflowers.
This solitary and promising abode revealed itself as “casa come me” – the “house like me,” as inscribed upon its door.
The phrase “house like me” is not only written on its door but also reflected in its design, decor and furnishings. This was the vision and intention of its owner, Malaparte. The house embodies his essence: proud yet unassuming, stern yet benevolent, seemingly inaccessible yet welcoming to those of sincere intent. Its furnishings are simple, with rough seats, sparse tables, and an absence of mirrors – all symbolic of his character. This is not the abode of a hedonistic, self-indulgent figure, but rather that of a nomad, an adventurer accustomed to life in the wilderness. Above all, it is the dwelling of a writer who boldly confronts truths and speaks his mind without fear.
If the guest rooms of the “Ospizio” on the ground floor offer comfort and refinement devoid of ostentation, the small dining room, adorned with equestrian engravings on its decorated walls and featuring a large earthenware stove and a horseshoe-shaped walnut bench, resembles a wardroom. Venturing upstairs to what Malaparte and I humorously refer to as “the Master’s proud retreat,” we find ourselves in a vast hall, sparsely furnished yet grandiose and austere, with echoes so Apollonian that one might envision it as a magnificent music chamber. Turning to Malaparte, I inquire:
– Why is this floor made of stone?
– So that we are not tempted to dance here! “Why else?!” he responds boldly, with that candidly sardonic smile that instantly warms the heart.
Behind the hall lies the bedroom, a bachelor’s sanctuary: pristine and fragrant with the scent of wax and lavender. Books line the walls, interspersed with paintings – portraits of Malaparte by Campigli, Pisis, and Leonor Fini. Yet, the most remarkable feature is the bed: a narrow, austere, ascetic’s resting place, adorned with a magnificent suede coverlet.
In the bow, overlooking the sea, on the left side, lies the study-library boasting a singular vista of the corniche of Positano and Amalfi. Adorning its walls are works by Marie Laurencin, Delaunay, Matisse, Zadkine, Lhote, Foujita, Dufy, and De Chirico.
Here, Malaparte immerses himself in his latest cinematic endeavor, personally overseeing the script, editing, and staging of his upcoming film. Collaborating with Alexandre Korda, he has signed on to shoot the film in July, near Montepulciano, in the south of Siena.
Behind him, a vast sofa and oversized armchairs await his friends, yet a simple straw chair suffices for him. His typewriter and papers rest upon a plexiglass plate beside a cherished photograph of Febo, his faithful canine companion who passed away nine years prior. Febo, once on the brink of death, found solace in Malaparte’s care, becoming his steadfast companion during times of hardship, including deportation. “Never have I loved a wife, a brother, a friend, as much as I loved Febo,” he once declared. “He was a dog like me, a noble being—the noblest creature I have ever encountered.”
Raymond Guérin,
Du côté de chez Malaparte, Finitude, 2003
chapter 2
The Scandalous Villa
We can thus comprehend why an exile like Baron Jacques Fersen found solace in Capri: “Amori et dolori sacrum” (“sacred love and pain”), as he had inscribed on the pediment of his Villa Lysis. Fersen epitomized the island’s sulfurous reputation to such an extent that it ultimately led to his demise. A striking figure, tall and fair-haired, he exuded an air of courtesy despite his fleeting gaze. […] Born with the surname Adelswärd, his family had amassed wealth through Lorraine steelworks, and one of his Swedish relatives had been the rumored lover of the ill-fated Marie-Antoinette.
Initially poised for a diplomatic career, Fersen’s life took a different turn when he encountered a French viscount during a peaceful trip to Naples with his mother and sister. […] Following his father’s passing, he inherited a fortune and devoted himself to indulging in life’s pleasures with the viscount by his side. Fersen dabbled in poetry, crafting libertine pastorals that garnered a measure of success, and frequented Capri numerous times, often accompanied by Robert, organizing “tableaux vivants” in caves with young men clad in peplums.
All of this was meant to be nothing more than a frivolous interlude in an otherwise honorable life, for at the age of twenty-three, the baron fell deeply in love with the charming Blanche, daughter of an aristocrat. However, on July 10, 1903, the day their engagement was announced, two unscrupulous gendarmes raided his home and arrested him on charges of contempt of morals and corruption of a minor—a vengeful act by a dismissed servant. Like Wilde, Fersen found himself sentenced to six months in prison. Blanche, unable to bear the scandal, refused to see him again. It was then that he remembered Capri.
Upon his arrival on the island, Fersen received a newfound gift: a fresh identity, as the name Adelswärd had become tainted. Embracing his poetic inclinations once more, he immersed himself in writing and forged friendships with locals, including Norman, who assisted him in locating an ideal spot to erect his small palace near the Villa Jovis, in hopes of finding poetic inspiration.
Thus, Villa Lysis came into being—a focal point of debauchery in Capri. The name derived from Lyside, the beloved disciple of Socrates—a carefully chosen moniker. The vision was to fashion it into a monument celebrating the classical era: adorned with colonnades, pediments, and small temples, alongside a decadent opium room featuring blood-red glazing.
Wherever he ventured, he remained inseparable from Nino, the son of a Roman worker, who […] would ultimately become the great love of his life. In the villa’s garden stands a life-size sculpture of Nino, depicted seated on a shell […]. Together, Nino and […] Fersen […] made their home in the dimly lit Villa Lysis, adorned with Louis XIV carpets and furnishings transported from their previous abode. Alma-Tadema-style nudes adorned the walls, while neoclassical sculptures mingled with ivory containers for cocaine powder. Outside, the garden boasted a greenhouse filled with orchids […], as well as laurel and myrtle plants, enhancing the ambiance of their living tableau.
One August night, within the cave of Matermania—where legend has it Tiberius once observed human sacrifices—a small gathering convened to commemorate the sacrifice of Ypatus, favored by the emperor. Elphy, the Wolcott-Perrys, the barber, the sailor, and a handful of servants all assembled, each appropriately disguised as figures from antiquity.
Braziers and torches affixed to the walls illuminated the grotto, while several carpets adorned the floor and an altar stood at its center—a scene of peculiar intrigue for the riflemen who stormed in around midnight to apprehend them all […]. Following this event, Nino and Fersen resumed their life of exile and wandering.
When Fersen returned to his villa in 1921, it had become overrun with ivy and brambles—a reflection of his own neglect, having instructed the gardener to let nature reclaim the grounds […]. The ravages of cocaine and opium had taken their toll: Fersen, with swollen eyelids and hollow eyes, frequently succumbed to unconsciousness and debilitating depressions.
One November evening, following dinner, Fersen retired to the pink salon to indulge in champagne. Using a magnificent chased-silver chalice—indicative of his refined taste—he poured a lethal dose of cocaine and consumed it in a single gulp.
Witnessed by Nino and Manfred, he staggered and collapsed inert onto the cushions, resembling the figures in the decadent paintings he admired. Outside, a violent storm erupted, providing a dramatic backdrop of lightning and thunder as Fersen breathed his last, his hand resting on a vermeil tray amidst cushions adorned with Tabriz canvas. Thus ended the rootless, unhappy life of Jacques—perhaps Baron de Fersen, but perhaps not—in Capri, leaving no further questions unanswered..
chapter 3
Mrs. Watson's Villa
Mrs. Watson’s villa exuded a captivating charm that even Forstetner, who typically refrained from displaying enthusiasm, couldn’t help but praise—not once, but twice. The allure of the house was undeniable, with its splendid location on the side of Tragara, a neighborhood synonymous with wealth—a detail not lost on Forstetner. While the sunlight entered the house later in the day compared to Satrianos’ place, a potential inconvenience for some Italians; Forstetner, being Swiss, harbored no fear of the sun.
As they made their way back, Satriano remarked on the likelihood of hotter nights at the villa. “I do not care. We are not afraid of hot nights. Right, Andrassy?” Forstetner declared. Andrassy found himself blushing, though unsure of the reason—perhaps due to Satriano’s gaze.
The path leading to the villa was equally charming, flanked by lush oleanders. The vista was breathtaking: scattered pines, vineyards, and the vast expanse of the sea. And the entrance—oh, it was something else. Upon crossing the gate, one was greeted by a broad pathway paved with vibrant green majolica tiles—a hue so bold that elsewhere, it might only be deemed suitable for a bathroom.
Ascending amidst a riot of cacti, agaves, and palm trees, the path culminated at a statue of Minerva illuminated by none other than… a street lamp! This unexpected, inconceivable sight, emerging from the tropical splendor, was akin to a horse in a bed or a trombone in a bathtub—a genuine shock to the senses. The lamppost, resembling those found in bustling cities, boasted a glass enclosure, a crown atop its head, and ornate ironwork forming a butterfly knot, with a flared skirt towards the base. Forstetner was utterly taken with this whimsical addition, deeming it a delightful extravagance.
-“Even if I don’t purchase the villa, I must have that lamppost,” he declared.
While the garden was enchanting, the interior of the house, while not overly spacious, offered a pleasing coolness. Yet, it lacked a certain sense of orderliness that one might expect from a hostess of Mrs. Watson’s standing in New York society. The presence of two whiskey bottles strewn about the living room seemed somewhat acceptable, but the discovery of a third, already opened, on the bedroom dressing table raised eyebrows. Forstetner and the rental agent exchanged glances, observed by an indifferent chambermaid trailing them from room to room […].
“Of course, we will insist on the house being reconditioned,” remarked the agent, who clearly had little experience in making demands. However, Forstetner appeared unfazed. “My room…” he began, suddenly animated with a childlike joy that almost made him sympathetic. “Yours, Andrassy,” he continued, taking his arm. “With a terrace. You’ll be quite comfortable there, eh? With this view, these palm trees…” Andrassy couldn’t help but wonder if perhaps this old despot had developed a genuine fondness for him after all. “The most beautiful villa on the island, gentlemen,” proclaimed the agent, flinging open the cupboards. “Twenty suits, not a single one squeezed in!” He punctuated his words with punches to the mattresses. “Genuine wool!”
As for the price, it was undoubtedly absurd, as often is the case in the south of Italy. The initial asking price often resembles a mere jest- a ludicrous figure thrown out there, fueled by the hope of encountering a wealthy, but perhaps distracted, American one day.
The true price could only be negotiated with the owner, who unfortunately was absent in Rome. However, the agent assured them he would telegraph him immediately, his excitement palpable. “A telegram! Urgent! Double the price! Guaranteed response!”
chapter 4
Villa San Michele
After five long summers’ incessant toil from sunrise till sunset San Michele was more or less finished but there was still a lot to be done in the garden. A new terrace was to be laid out behind the house, another loggia to be built over the two small Roman rooms which we had discovered in the autumn. As to the little cloister court, I told Mastro Nicola we had better knock it down, I did not like it any more. Mastro Nicola implored me to leave it as it was, we had already knocked it down twice, if we kept on knocking down everything as soon as it was built, San Michele would never be finished. I told Mastro Nicola that the proper way to build one’s house was to knock everything down, never mind how many times, and begin again until your eye told you that everything was right. The eye knew much more about architecture than did the books. The eye was infallible, as long as you relied on your own eye and not on the eye of other people.
As I saw it again I thought San Michele looked more beautiful than ever. The house was small, the rooms were few but there were loggias, terraces and pergolas all around it to watch the sun, the sea and the clouds—the soul needs more space than the body. Not much furniture in the rooms but what there was could not be bought with money alone. Nothing superfluous, nothing unbeautiful, no bric-à-brac, no trinkets.
A few pictures by Flemish primitives, an etching of Dürer and a Greek bas-relief on the whitewashed walls. A couple of old rugs on the mosaic floor, a few books on the tables, flowers everywhere in lustrous jars from Faenza and Urbino. The cypresses from Villa d’Este leading the way up to the chapel had already grown into an avenue of stately trees, the noblest trees in the world. The chapel itself which had given its name to my home had at last become mine. It was to become my library. Fine old cloister stalls surrounded the white walls, in its midst stood a large refectory table laden with books and terracotta fragments.
On a fluted column of “giallo antico” stood a huge Horus of basalt, the largest I have ever seen, brought from the land of the Pharaohs by some Roman collector, maybe by Tiberius himself. Over the writing table the marble head of Medusa looked down upon me, fourth century B.C., found by me at the bottom of the sea. On the huge Cinquecento Florentine mantelpiece stood the Winged Victory. On a column of Africano by the window the mutilated head of Nero looked out over the gulf where he had caused his mother to be beaten to death by his oarsmen. Over the entrance door shone the beautiful Cinquecento stained glass window presented to Eleonora Duse by the town of Florence and given by her to me in remembrance of her last stay in San Michele.
In a small crypt five feet below the Roman floor of coloured marble slept in peace the two monks I had come upon quite unaware when we were digging for the foundations of the mantelpiece. They lay there with folded arms just as they had been buried under their chapel nearly five hundred years ago. Their cassocks had mouldered almost to dust, their dried-up bodies were light as parchment, but their features were still well preserved, their hands were still clasping their crucifixes, one of them wore dainty silver buckles on his shoes. I was sorry to have disturbed them in their sleep, with infinite precautions I laid them back in their little crypt. The lofty archway with Gothic columns outside the chapel looked just right, I thought. Where are such columns to be found to-day?
Looking down from the parapet on the island at my feet, I told Mastro Nicola that we were to begin at once the emplacement for the sphinx, there was no time to lose. Mastro Nicola was delighted: “why didn’t we fetch the sphinx at once, where was it now?” I said it was lying under the ruins of the forgotten villa of a Roman Emperor somewhere on the mainland. It had been lying there, waiting for me for two thousand years.
A man in a red mantle had told me all about it the first time I looked out over the sea from the very spot where we now stood, so far I had only seen it in my dreams. I looked down on the little white yacht on the Marina under my feet and said I was quite sure I would find the sphinx at the right time. The difficulty would be to bring it across the sea, it was in fact far too heavy a cargo for my boat, it was all of granite and weighed I did not know how many tons. Mastro Nicola scratched his head and wondered who was going to drag it up to San Michele? He and I of course.
Capri for architecture lovers
Explore the most beautiful villas in Capri